As a change of pace from complex visualizations, here's simple Material Design gauge control implemented in pure CSS/HTML. The implementation includes an optional JavaScript component to change the gauge value dynamically. If you'd like to use the gauge on your web pages (it's open source), you can download it from GitHub, where you'll also find documentation on how to use it. In this post we'll walk through the implementation to understand how it works.
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May 9, 2021 04:37
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A Material Design Gauge in Pure CSS/HTML
As a change of pace from complex visualizations, here's simple Material Design gauge control implemented in pure CSS/HTML. The implementation includes an optional JavaScript component to change the gauge value dynamically. If you'd like to use the gauge on your web pages (it's open source), you can download it from GitHub, where you'll also find documentation on how to use it. In this post we'll walk through the implementation to understand how it works.
The gauge consists of several <div> elements layered on top of each other. Those layers are:
1. `.gauge` The parent element for the entire component.
2. `.gauge--container` The container is the outermost element for the gauge proper. All of the other layers are rendered within the container.
3. `.gauge--background` The background provides the "off" portion of the gauge. In this example it's a light grey/green in color.
4. `.gauge--data` The data shows the data value for the gauge, dark green in this example.
5. `.gauge--center` The center creates the center "cutout" for the gauge. It's white, so it doesn't show up explicitly.
6. `.gauge--marker` The marker indicates the mid-point of the gauge to make it easy to distinguish positive from negative values. It's a thin white line.
7. `.gauge--needle` The needle marks the gauge value with an orange line.
We'll take each of these layers one at a time and examine how they work.
Note: The gauge also includes support for labelling the extreme values, "No" and "Yes" in the example. Those are built with standard CSS/HTML, however, so we won't consider them in this post.
The parent element (with class gauge) defines the overall size of the gauge, and it has one CSS property that is crucial for the implementation. The property, position: relative establishes a positioning context for all of the other HTML elements within it. This might be a bit confusing, because the position: relative rule doesn't affect the .gauge element itself. What it does do, however, is affect elements within the .gauge. More specifically, elements inside .gauge that have a position: absolute property are positioned relative to their .gauge parent, and not relative to the browser viewport.
The gauge container element (with class gauge--container) collects the individual parts of the gauge proper and centers the gauge horizontally on the page. It's the transform: translateX(-50%), combined with a left:50%, that tells the browser to center the gauge. You can see the effect in the example below. The example adds a red border to the container to make it visible.
The background element (with class gauge--background) shows the "off" part of the gauge. Coloring the "off" part is simply a matter of setting the background color of the <div>:
Not only do we want to color the gauge, however; we also want to give it the rounded shape. To do that we'll use a CSS trick. It's a pretty common trick used on a lot of web pages, but perhaps a little surprising if you haven't seen it before: we use the border-radius property to turn a square into a circle. The CSS standard originally defined border-radius as a way to add rounded corners to rectangular HTML elements. If you define a radius size that's at least half of the size of a square, though, the entire squate becomes curved. That turns the square into a circle. Select the checkbox on the example below to see this effect in action.
border-radius: 300px 300px 0 0;
Notice that we're only setting a border radius on the top left and top right corners; both bottom corners remain square. That creates the desired semi-circle instead of a full circle.
The next layer is the "on" part of the gauge. This is the gauge data value. The starting point for the gauge data is the same as for the gauge background: a <div> whose border-radius property turns it into a semi-circle. The color, of course, differs.
So far our gauge is showing completely "full". What we want, however, is a gauge that shows a value somewhere between "empty" and "full." We'll do that by rotating the .gauge--data element. The CSS property that performs a rotation is transform: rotate(), but there's a catch: Normally, the rotation is about the center of the element. That won't work in our case; here's what happens if we try to use this approach to show a "half full" gauge. The red dot shows the center of rotation for the data element.
Ouch! That doesn't do the trick at all. Fortunately, there's a simple CSS property that changes the axis of rotation. By setting transform-origin: center bottom; we can rotate the data part of the gauge correctly.
To complete the rotation of our data element, we need to calculate the appropriate value for the rotation. Fortunately, some very basic math is all that's required. For a "full" gauge, we don't want any rotation at all; that's a rotation of 0°. For an empty gauge, we rotate the data element half way around, or -180°. In-between values are just linear interpolations of those two extremes. You can see the effect in the following example by experimenting with the rotation value.
translate: rotate( deg)
Now we've rotated the gauge data element correctly, but the entire <div> is showing, even the part below the gauge. Fixing that problem is a simple matter of adding overflow:hidden; to the gauge container:
Now we can transform the semi-circle into an arc. That's the job of the center element (of class gauge--center). It's just another semi-circle <div> with a white color that sits on top of the gauge. The white color has the effect of "cutting out" part of the semi-circle.
Now we're left with a few easy bits to add to make the component complete. The first of those is a marker to indicate the half way point for the guage. That's nothing more than a thin, positioned <div>
The final addition is the needle. Like the marker, it's a simple thin <div> element. To match the gauge value, though, we need to rotate it, just as we rotated the data element.
That's it. With a few bits of CSS and HTML we've created a nice gauge in the Material Design style. Let me know via Twitter if you're interested in more posts along these lines.
<script src="http://jsDataV.is/img/thumbnails/material-gauge-post.js"></script>
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| <!doctype html> | |
| <html lang="en"> | |
| <head> | |
| <meta charset="utf-8"> | |
| <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> | |
| <title>Material Design Gauge</title> | |
| <meta name="description" | |
| content="Simple Material Design gauge control implemented in pure CSS/HTML"> | |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> | |
| <style> | |
| body { | |
| color: #444; | |
| font-family: Varela, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; | |
| font-size: 24px; | |
| font-weight: normal; | |
| height: 32px; | |
| letter-spacing: normal; | |
| line-height: 32px; | |
| } | |
| p { | |
| text-align: center; | |
| } | |
| /* | |
| * #### Gauge Component | |
| * | |
| * The standard markup for the component is: | |
| * | |
| * <div class="gauge"> | |
| * <div class="gauge--container"> | |
| * <div class="gauge--marker"></div> | |
| * <div class="gauge--background"></div> | |
| * <div class="gauge--center"></div> | |
| * <div class="gauge--data"></div> | |
| * <div class="gauge--needle"></div> | |
| * </div> | |
| * <div class="gauge--labels"> | |
| * <span class="gauge--label__low">No</span> | |
| * <span class="gauge--label__spacer"></span> | |
| * <span class="gauge--label__high">Yes</span> | |
| * </div> | |
| * </div> | |
| */ | |
| /* | |
| * First define all of the relevant rules that aren't dependent | |
| * on the size of the gauge. We want to collect the size-depenent | |
| * rules in one place to make it easier to adjust the size. | |
| */ | |
| .gauge { | |
| position: relative; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--container { | |
| margin: 0; | |
| padding: 0; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| left: 50%; | |
| overflow: hidden; | |
| text-align: center; | |
| -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); | |
| -moz-transform: translateX(-50%); | |
| -ms-transform: translateX(-50%); | |
| -o-transform: translateX(-50%); | |
| transform: translateX(-50%); | |
| } | |
| .gauge--background { | |
| z-index: 0; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| background-color: #C0D3D3; | |
| top: 0; | |
| border-radius: 300px 300px 0 0; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--data { | |
| z-index: 1; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| background-color: #007979; | |
| margin-left: auto; | |
| margin-right: auto; | |
| border-radius: 300px 300px 0 0; | |
| -webkit-transform-origin: center bottom; | |
| -moz-transform-origin: center bottom; | |
| -ms-transform-origin: center bottom; | |
| -o-transform-origin: center bottom; | |
| transform-origin: center bottom; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--center { | |
| z-index: 2; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| background-color: #fff; | |
| margin-right: auto; | |
| border-radius: 300px 300px 0 0; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--marker { | |
| z-index: 3; | |
| background-color: #fff; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| width: 1px; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--needle { | |
| z-index: 4; | |
| background-color: #F77C15; | |
| height: 3px; | |
| position: absolute; | |
| -webkit-transform-origin: left center; | |
| -moz-transform-origin: left center; | |
| -ms-transform-origin: left center; | |
| -o-transform-origin: left center; | |
| transform-origin: left center; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--labels { | |
| display: table; | |
| margin: 0 auto; | |
| position: relative; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--label__low { | |
| display: table-cell; | |
| text-align: center; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--label__spacer { | |
| display: table-cell; | |
| } | |
| .gauge--label__high { | |
| display: table-cell; | |
| text-align: center; | |
| } | |
| /* | |
| * Now define the rules that depend on the size of | |
| * the gauge. We start with sizing for a small mobile | |
| * device. | |
| */ | |
| .gauge { height: calc(120px + 3em); } | |
| .gauge--container { width: 240px; height: 120px; } | |
| .gauge--marker { height: 120px; left: 119.5px; } | |
| .gauge--background { width: 240px; height: 120px; } | |
| .gauge--center { width: 144px; height: 72px; top: 48px; margin-left: 48px; } | |
| .gauge--data { width: 240px; height: 120px; } | |
| .gauge--needle { left: 120px; top: 117px; width: 120px; } | |
| .gauge--labels { top: 120px; width: 240px; } | |
| .gauge--label__low { width: 48px; } | |
| .gauge--label__spacer { width: 144px; } | |
| .gauge--label__high { width: 48px; } | |
| /* | |
| * Increase the gauge size slightly on larger viewports. | |
| */ | |
| @media only screen and (min-width: 400px) { | |
| .gauge { height: calc(150px + 3em); } | |
| .gauge--container { width: 300px; height: 150px; } | |
| .gauge--marker { height: 150px; left: 149.5px; } | |
| .gauge--background { width: 300px; height: 150px; } | |
| .gauge--center { width: 180px; height: 90px; top: 60px; margin-left: 60px; } | |
| .gauge--data { width: 300px; height: 150px; } | |
| .gauge--needle { left: 150px; top: 147px; width: 150px; } | |
| .gauge--labels { top: 150px; width: 300px; } | |
| .gauge--label__low { width: 60px; } | |
| .gauge--label__spacer { width: 180px; } | |
| .gauge--label__high { width: 60px; } | |
| } | |
| /* | |
| * As an option, the `gauge__liveupdate` class can be added | |
| * to the main gauge element. When this class is present, | |
| * we add a transition that animates any changes to the gauge | |
| * value. Currently, the app does not use this option because | |
| * all the inputs that can change gauge values are present | |
| * on tab panels that are different from the gauge itself. | |
| * Therefore, users won't be able to see any gauge changes | |
| * when they make input changes. The code is available, though, | |
| * should this change. | |
| */ | |
| .gauge__liveupdate .gauge--data, | |
| .gauge__liveupdate .gauge--needle { | |
| -webkit-transition: all 1s ease-in-out; | |
| -moz-transition: all 1s ease-in-out; | |
| -ms-transition: all 1s ease-in-out; | |
| -o-transition: all 1s ease-in-out; | |
| transition: all 1s ease-in-out; | |
| } | |
| /* | |
| * For a given gauge value, x, ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, set | |
| * the `transform: rotate()` property according to the | |
| * following equation: `-0.5 + 0.5x turns` The default | |
| * properties below represent an x value of 0. | |
| */ | |
| .gauge--data { | |
| -webkit-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -moz-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -ms-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -o-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| } | |
| .gauge--needle { | |
| -webkit-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -moz-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -ms-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| -o-transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| transform: rotate(-.50turn); | |
| } | |
| </style> | |
| </head> | |
| <body> | |
| <p>Hover over me</p> | |
| <div class="gauge gauge__liveupdate" id="gauge"> | |
| <div class="gauge--container" id="gauge-container"> | |
| <div class="gauge--marker"></div> | |
| <div class="gauge--background"></div> | |
| <div class="gauge--center"></div> | |
| <div class="gauge--data"></div> | |
| <div class="gauge--needle"></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="gauge--labels mdl-typography--headline"> | |
| <span class="gauge--label__low">No</span> | |
| <span class="gauge--label__spacer"></span> | |
| <span class="gauge--label__high">Yes</span> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <script> | |
| // #### Gauge | |
| // The Gauge object encapsulates the behavior | |
| // of simple gauge. Most of the implementation | |
| // is in the CSS rules, but we do have a bit | |
| // of JavaScript to set or read the gauge value | |
| function Gauge(el) { | |
| // ##### Private Properties and Attributes | |
| var element, // Containing element for the info component | |
| data, // `.gauge--data` element | |
| needle, // `.gauge--needle` element | |
| value = 0.0, // Current gauge value from 0 to 1 | |
| prop; // Style for transform | |
| // ##### Private Methods and Functions | |
| var setElement = function(el) { | |
| // Keep a reference to the various elements and sub-elements | |
| element = el; | |
| data = element.querySelector(".gauge--data"); | |
| needle = element.querySelector(".gauge--needle"); | |
| }; | |
| var setValue = function(x) { | |
| value = x; | |
| var turns = -0.5 + (x * 0.5); | |
| data.style[prop] = "rotate(" + turns + "turn)"; | |
| needle.style[prop] = "rotate(" + turns + "turn)"; | |
| }; | |
| // ##### Object to be Returned | |
| function exports() { }; | |
| // ##### Public API Methods | |
| exports.element = function(el) { | |
| if (!arguments.length) { return element; } | |
| setElement(el); | |
| return this; | |
| }; | |
| exports.value = function(x) { | |
| if (!arguments.length) { return value; } | |
| setValue(x); | |
| return this; | |
| }; | |
| // ##### Initialization | |
| var body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]; | |
| ["webkitTransform", "mozTransform", "msTransform", "oTransform", "transform"]. | |
| forEach(function(p) { | |
| if (typeof body.style[p] !== "undefined") { prop = p; } | |
| } | |
| ); | |
| if (arguments.length) { | |
| setElement(el); | |
| } | |
| return exports; | |
| }; | |
| var gauge = new Gauge(document.getElementById("gauge")); | |
| gauge.value(0.25); | |
| document.getElementById("gauge-container").addEventListener("mouseover", function() { | |
| gauge.value(0.75); | |
| }); | |
| document.getElementById("gauge-container").addEventListener("mouseout", function() { | |
| gauge.value(0.25); | |
| }); | |
| </script> | |
| </body> | |
| </html> |
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| /img/thumbnails/material-gauge-post.js |
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| http://jsdatav.is/img/thumbnails/material-gauge.png |
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I want the gauge to rotate according to the temperature I got from the sensor, such as the 25 temperature reading sensor, I want the gauge to turn to temperature 25, what should I do?
Please!