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the manner in which they are combined to represent data about | |
geographic features, their properties, and their spatial extents. | |
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<span class="pre noprint docinfo top">[<a href="../html/" title="Document search and retrieval page">Docs</a>] [<a href="/rfc/rfc7946.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="/pdf/rfc7946" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>] [<a href="./draft-ietf-geojson" title="draft-ietf-geojson">draft-ietf-geojson</a>] [<a href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc7946' title='IESG Datatracker information for this document'>Tracker</a>] [<a href="/rfcdiff?difftype=--hwdiff&url2=rfc7946" title="Inline diff (wdiff)">Diff1</a>] [<a href="/rfcdiff?url2=rfc7946" title="Side-by-side diff">Diff2</a>] [<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7946">Errata</a>]</span><br /> | |
<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br /> | |
<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> PROPOSED STANDARD</span><br /> | |
<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> <span style='color: #C00;'>Errata Exist</span></span><br /> | |
<pre> | |
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Butler | |
Request for Comments: 7946 Hobu Inc. | |
Category: Standards Track M. Daly | |
ISSN: 2070-1721 Cadcorp | |
A. Doyle | |
S. Gillies | |
Mapbox | |
S. Hagen | |
T. Schaub | |
Planet Labs | |
August 2016 | |
<span class="h1">The GeoJSON Format</span> | |
Abstract | |
GeoJSON is a geospatial data interchange format based on JavaScript | |
Object Notation (JSON). It defines several types of JSON objects and | |
the manner in which they are combined to represent data about | |
geographic features, their properties, and their spatial extents. | |
GeoJSON uses a geographic coordinate reference system, World Geodetic | |
System 1984, and units of decimal degrees. | |
Status of This Memo | |
This is an Internet Standards Track document. | |
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force | |
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has | |
received public review and has been approved for publication by the | |
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on | |
Internet Standards is available in <a href="./rfc7841#section-2">Section 2 of RFC 7841</a>. | |
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, | |
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at | |
<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7946">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7946</a>. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
Copyright Notice | |
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the | |
document authors. All rights reserved. | |
This document is subject to <a href="./bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal | |
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents | |
(<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of | |
publication of this document. Please review these documents | |
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect | |
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must | |
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of | |
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as | |
described in the Simplified BSD License. | |
Table of Contents | |
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a> | |
<a href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a> | |
<a href="#section-1.2">1.2</a>. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a> | |
<a href="#section-1.3">1.3</a>. Specification of GeoJSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a> | |
<a href="#section-1.4">1.4</a>. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a> | |
<a href="#section-1.5">1.5</a>. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a> | |
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. GeoJSON Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a> | |
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. GeoJSON Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Geometry Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-7">7</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a>. Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-7">7</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.2">3.1.2</a>. Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.3">3.1.3</a>. MultiPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.4">3.1.4</a>. LineString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.5">3.1.5</a>. MultiLineString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.6">3.1.6</a>. Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-9">9</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.7">3.1.7</a>. MultiPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-9">9</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.8">3.1.8</a>. GeometryCollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-9">9</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.9">3.1.9</a>. Antimeridian Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-10">10</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.1.10">3.1.10</a>. Uncertainty and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Feature Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a> | |
<a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. FeatureCollection Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a> | |
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. Coordinate Reference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a> | |
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. Bounding Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a> | |
<a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. The Connecting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a> | |
<a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. The Antimeridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a> | |
<a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. The Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a> | |
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. Extending GeoJSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-15">15</a> | |
<a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Foreign Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-15">15</a> | |
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. GeoJSON Types Are Not Extensible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a> | |
7.1. Semantics of GeoJSON Members and Types Are Not Changeable 16 | |
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-17">17</a> | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<a href="#section-9">9</a>. Mapping 'geo' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-17">17</a> | |
<a href="#section-10">10</a>. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a> | |
<a href="#section-11">11</a>. Interoperability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a> | |
<a href="#section-11.1">11.1</a>. I-JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a> | |
<a href="#section-11.2">11.2</a>. Coordinate Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a> | |
<a href="#section-12">12</a>. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-19">19</a> | |
<a href="#section-13">13</a>. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-20">20</a> | |
<a href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-20">20</a> | |
<a href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-21">21</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>. Geometry Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>. Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>. LineStrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.3">A.3</a>. Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-23">23</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.4">A.4</a>. MultiPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-24">24</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.5">A.5</a>. MultiLineStrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-24">24</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.6">A.6</a>. MultiPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-25">25</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-A.7">A.7</a>. GeometryCollections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-B">Appendix B</a>. Changes from the Pre-IETF GeoJSON Format | |
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-B.1">B.1</a>. Normative Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-B.2">B.2</a>. Informative Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-27">27</a> | |
<a href="#appendix-C">Appendix C</a>. GeoJSON Text Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-27">27</a> | |
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-27">27</a> | |
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-28">28</a> | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span> | |
GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data | |
structures using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [<a href="./rfc7159" title=""The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"">RFC7159</a>]. A | |
GeoJSON object may represent a region of space (a Geometry), a | |
spatially bounded entity (a Feature), or a list of Features (a | |
FeatureCollection). GeoJSON supports the following geometry types: | |
Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, | |
MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection. Features in GeoJSON contain a | |
Geometry object and additional properties, and a FeatureCollection | |
contains a list of Features. | |
The format is concerned with geographic data in the broadest sense; | |
anything with qualities that are bounded in geographical space might | |
be a Feature whether or not it is a physical structure. The concepts | |
in GeoJSON are not new; they are derived from preexisting open | |
geographic information system standards and have been streamlined to | |
better suit web application development using JSON. | |
GeoJSON comprises the seven concrete geometry types defined in the | |
OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for SQL [<a href="#ref-SFSQL" title=""OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For SQL Revision 1.1"">SFSQL</a>]: | |
0-dimensional Point and MultiPoint; 1-dimensional curve LineString | |
and MultiLineString; 2-dimensional surface Polygon and MultiPolygon; | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
and the heterogeneous GeometryCollection. GeoJSON representations of | |
instances of these geometry types are analogous to the well-known | |
binary (WKB) and well-known text (WKT) representations described in | |
that same specification. | |
GeoJSON also comprises the types Feature and FeatureCollection. | |
Feature objects in GeoJSON contain a Geometry object with one of the | |
above geometry types and additional members. A FeatureCollection | |
object contains an array of Feature objects. This structure is | |
analogous to that of the Web Feature Service (WFS) response to | |
GetFeatures requests specified in [<a href="#ref-WFSv1" title=""Web Feature Service Implementation Specification"">WFSv1</a>] or to a Keyhole Markup | |
Language (KML) Folder of Placemarks [<a href="#ref-KMLv2.2" title=""OGC KML"">KMLv2.2</a>]. Some implementations | |
of the WFS specification also provide GeoJSON-formatted responses to | |
GetFeature requests, but there is no particular service model or | |
Feature type ontology implied in the GeoJSON format specification. | |
Since its initial publication in 2008 [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>], the GeoJSON format | |
specification has steadily grown in popularity. It is widely used in | |
JavaScript web-mapping libraries, JSON-based document databases, and | |
web APIs. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Requirements Language</span> | |
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", | |
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and | |
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in | |
[<a href="./rfc2119" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">RFC2119</a>]. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-1.2" href="#section-1.2">1.2</a>. Conventions Used in This Document</span> | |
The ordering of the members of any JSON object defined in this | |
document MUST be considered irrelevant, as specified by [<a href="./rfc7159" title=""The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"">RFC7159</a>]. | |
Some examples use the combination of a JavaScript single-line comment | |
(//) followed by an ellipsis (...) as placeholder notation for | |
content deemed irrelevant by the authors. These placeholders must of | |
course be deleted or otherwise replaced, before attempting to | |
validate the corresponding JSON code example. | |
Whitespace is used in the examples inside this document to help | |
illustrate the data structures, but it is not required. Unquoted | |
whitespace is not significant in JSON. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-1.3" href="#section-1.3">1.3</a>. Specification of GeoJSON</span> | |
This document supersedes the original GeoJSON format specification | |
[<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>]. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-1.4" href="#section-1.4">1.4</a>. Definitions</span> | |
o JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and the terms object, member, | |
name, value, array, number, true, false, and null, are to be | |
interpreted as defined in [<a href="./rfc7159" title=""The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"">RFC7159</a>]. | |
o Inside this document, the term "geometry type" refers to seven | |
case-sensitive strings: "Point", "MultiPoint", "LineString", | |
"MultiLineString", "Polygon", "MultiPolygon", and | |
"GeometryCollection". | |
o As another shorthand notation, the term "GeoJSON types" refers to | |
nine case-sensitive strings: "Feature", "FeatureCollection", and | |
the geometry types listed above. | |
o The word "Collection" in "FeatureCollection" and | |
"GeometryCollection" does not have any significance for the | |
semantics of array members. The "features" and "geometries" | |
members, respectively, of these objects are standard ordered JSON | |
arrays, not unordered sets. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-1.5" href="#section-1.5">1.5</a>. Example</span> | |
A GeoJSON FeatureCollection: | |
{ | |
"type": "FeatureCollection", | |
"features": [{ | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"geometry": { | |
"type": "Point", | |
"coordinates": [102.0, 0.5] | |
}, | |
"properties": { | |
"prop0": "value0" | |
} | |
}, { | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"geometry": { | |
"type": "LineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[102.0, 0.0], | |
[103.0, 1.0], | |
[104.0, 0.0], | |
[105.0, 1.0] | |
] | |
}, | |
"properties": { | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
"prop0": "value0", | |
"prop1": 0.0 | |
} | |
}, { | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"geometry": { | |
"type": "Polygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 0.0] | |
] | |
] | |
}, | |
"properties": { | |
"prop0": "value0", | |
"prop1": { | |
"this": "that" | |
} | |
} | |
}] | |
} | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. GeoJSON Text</span> | |
A GeoJSON text is a JSON text and consists of a single GeoJSON | |
object. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. GeoJSON Object</span> | |
A GeoJSON object represents a Geometry, Feature, or collection of | |
Features. | |
o A GeoJSON object is a JSON object. | |
o A GeoJSON object has a member with the name "type". The value of | |
the member MUST be one of the GeoJSON types. | |
o A GeoJSON object MAY have a "bbox" member, the value of which MUST | |
be a bounding box array (see <a href="#section-5">Section 5</a>). | |
o A GeoJSON object MAY have other members (see <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>). | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Geometry Object</span> | |
A Geometry object represents points, curves, and surfaces in | |
coordinate space. Every Geometry object is a GeoJSON object no | |
matter where it occurs in a GeoJSON text. | |
o The value of a Geometry object's "type" member MUST be one of the | |
seven geometry types (see <a href="#section-1.4">Section 1.4</a>). | |
o A GeoJSON Geometry object of any type other than | |
"GeometryCollection" has a member with the name "coordinates". | |
The value of the "coordinates" member is an array. The structure | |
of the elements in this array is determined by the type of | |
geometry. GeoJSON processors MAY interpret Geometry objects with | |
empty "coordinates" arrays as null objects. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.1" href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a>. Position</span> | |
A position is the fundamental geometry construct. The "coordinates" | |
member of a Geometry object is composed of either: | |
o one position in the case of a Point geometry, | |
o an array of positions in the case of a LineString or MultiPoint | |
geometry, | |
o an array of LineString or linear ring (see <a href="#section-3.1.6">Section 3.1.6</a>) | |
coordinates in the case of a Polygon or MultiLineString geometry, | |
or | |
o an array of Polygon coordinates in the case of a MultiPolygon | |
geometry. | |
A position is an array of numbers. There MUST be two or more | |
elements. The first two elements are longitude and latitude, or | |
easting and northing, precisely in that order and using decimal | |
numbers. Altitude or elevation MAY be included as an optional third | |
element. | |
Implementations SHOULD NOT extend positions beyond three elements | |
because the semantics of extra elements are unspecified and | |
ambiguous. Historically, some implementations have used a fourth | |
element to carry a linear referencing measure (sometimes denoted as | |
"M") or a numerical timestamp, but in most situations a parser will | |
not be able to properly interpret these values. The interpretation | |
and meaning of additional elements is beyond the scope of this | |
specification, and additional elements MAY be ignored by parsers. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
A line between two positions is a straight Cartesian line, the | |
shortest line between those two points in the coordinate reference | |
system (see <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>). | |
In other words, every point on a line that does not cross the | |
antimeridian between a point (lon0, lat0) and (lon1, lat1) can be | |
calculated as | |
F(lon, lat) = (lon0 + (lon1 - lon0) * t, lat0 + (lat1 - lat0) * t) | |
with t being a real number greater than or equal to 0 and smaller | |
than or equal to 1. Note that this line may markedly differ from the | |
geodesic path along the curved surface of the reference ellipsoid. | |
The same applies to the optional height element with the proviso that | |
the direction of the height is as specified in the coordinate | |
reference system. | |
Note that, again, this does not mean that a surface with equal height | |
follows, for example, the curvature of a body of water. Nor is a | |
surface of equal height perpendicular to a plumb line. | |
Examples of positions and geometries are provided in <a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>, | |
"Geometry Examples". | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.2" href="#section-3.1.2">3.1.2</a>. Point</span> | |
For type "Point", the "coordinates" member is a single position. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.3" href="#section-3.1.3">3.1.3</a>. MultiPoint</span> | |
For type "MultiPoint", the "coordinates" member is an array of | |
positions. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.4" href="#section-3.1.4">3.1.4</a>. LineString</span> | |
For type "LineString", the "coordinates" member is an array of two or | |
more positions. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.5" href="#section-3.1.5">3.1.5</a>. MultiLineString</span> | |
For type "MultiLineString", the "coordinates" member is an array of | |
LineString coordinate arrays. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.6" href="#section-3.1.6">3.1.6</a>. Polygon</span> | |
To specify a constraint specific to Polygons, it is useful to | |
introduce the concept of a linear ring: | |
o A linear ring is a closed LineString with four or more positions. | |
o The first and last positions are equivalent, and they MUST contain | |
identical values; their representation SHOULD also be identical. | |
o A linear ring is the boundary of a surface or the boundary of a | |
hole in a surface. | |
o A linear ring MUST follow the right-hand rule with respect to the | |
area it bounds, i.e., exterior rings are counterclockwise, and | |
holes are clockwise. | |
Note: the [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>] specification did not discuss linear ring winding | |
order. For backwards compatibility, parsers SHOULD NOT reject | |
Polygons that do not follow the right-hand rule. | |
Though a linear ring is not explicitly represented as a GeoJSON | |
geometry type, it leads to a canonical formulation of the Polygon | |
geometry type definition as follows: | |
o For type "Polygon", the "coordinates" member MUST be an array of | |
linear ring coordinate arrays. | |
o For Polygons with more than one of these rings, the first MUST be | |
the exterior ring, and any others MUST be interior rings. The | |
exterior ring bounds the surface, and the interior rings (if | |
present) bound holes within the surface. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.7" href="#section-3.1.7">3.1.7</a>. MultiPolygon</span> | |
For type "MultiPolygon", the "coordinates" member is an array of | |
Polygon coordinate arrays. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.8" href="#section-3.1.8">3.1.8</a>. GeometryCollection</span> | |
A GeoJSON object with type "GeometryCollection" is a Geometry object. | |
A GeometryCollection has a member with the name "geometries". The | |
value of "geometries" is an array. Each element of this array is a | |
GeoJSON Geometry object. It is possible for this array to be empty. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
Unlike the other geometry types described above, a GeometryCollection | |
can be a heterogeneous composition of smaller Geometry objects. For | |
example, a Geometry object in the shape of a lowercase roman "i" can | |
be composed of one point and one LineString. | |
GeometryCollections have a different syntax from single type Geometry | |
objects (Point, LineString, and Polygon) and homogeneously typed | |
multipart Geometry objects (MultiPoint, MultiLineString, and | |
MultiPolygon) but have no different semantics. Although a | |
GeometryCollection object has no "coordinates" member, it does have | |
coordinates: the coordinates of all its parts belong to the | |
collection. The "geometries" member of a GeometryCollection | |
describes the parts of this composition. Implementations SHOULD NOT | |
apply any additional semantics to the "geometries" array. | |
To maximize interoperability, implementations SHOULD avoid nested | |
GeometryCollections. Furthermore, GeometryCollections composed of a | |
single part or a number of parts of a single type SHOULD be avoided | |
when that single part or a single object of multipart type | |
(MultiPoint, MultiLineString, or MultiPolygon) could be used instead. | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.9" href="#section-3.1.9">3.1.9</a>. Antimeridian Cutting</span> | |
In representing Features that cross the antimeridian, | |
interoperability is improved by modifying their geometry. Any | |
geometry that crosses the antimeridian SHOULD be represented by | |
cutting it in two such that neither part's representation crosses the | |
antimeridian. | |
For example, a line extending from 45 degrees N, 170 degrees E across | |
the antimeridian to 45 degrees N, 170 degrees W should be cut in two | |
and represented as a MultiLineString. | |
{ | |
"type": "MultiLineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[170.0, 45.0], [180.0, 45.0] | |
], [ | |
[-180.0, 45.0], [-170.0, 45.0] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
A rectangle extending from 40 degrees N, 170 degrees E across the | |
antimeridian to 50 degrees N, 170 degrees W should be cut in two and | |
represented as a MultiPolygon. | |
{ | |
"type": "MultiPolygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[ | |
[180.0, 40.0], [180.0, 50.0], [170.0, 50.0], | |
[170.0, 40.0], [180.0, 40.0] | |
] | |
], | |
[ | |
[ | |
[-170.0, 40.0], [-170.0, 50.0], [-180.0, 50.0], | |
[-180.0, 40.0], [-170.0, 40.0] | |
] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.10" href="#section-3.1.10">3.1.10</a>. Uncertainty and Precision</span> | |
As in [<a href="./rfc5870" title=""A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)"">RFC5870</a>], the number of digits of the values in coordinate | |
positions MUST NOT be interpreted as an indication to the level of | |
uncertainty. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Feature Object</span> | |
A Feature object represents a spatially bounded thing. Every Feature | |
object is a GeoJSON object no matter where it occurs in a GeoJSON | |
text. | |
o A Feature object has a "type" member with the value "Feature". | |
o A Feature object has a member with the name "geometry". The value | |
of the geometry member SHALL be either a Geometry object as | |
defined above or, in the case that the Feature is unlocated, a | |
JSON null value. | |
o A Feature object has a member with the name "properties". The | |
value of the properties member is an object (any JSON object or a | |
JSON null value). | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]</span></pre> | |
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o If a Feature has a commonly used identifier, that identifier | |
SHOULD be included as a member of the Feature object with the name | |
"id", and the value of this member is either a JSON string or | |
number. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. FeatureCollection Object</span> | |
A GeoJSON object with the type "FeatureCollection" is a | |
FeatureCollection object. A FeatureCollection object has a member | |
with the name "features". The value of "features" is a JSON array. | |
Each element of the array is a Feature object as defined above. It | |
is possible for this array to be empty. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Coordinate Reference System</span> | |
The coordinate reference system for all GeoJSON coordinates is a | |
geographic coordinate reference system, using the World Geodetic | |
System 1984 (WGS 84) [<a href="#ref-WGS84" title=""Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems"">WGS84</a>] datum, with longitude and latitude units | |
of decimal degrees. This is equivalent to the coordinate reference | |
system identified by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) URN | |
urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC::CRS84. An OPTIONAL third-position element SHALL | |
be the height in meters above or below the WGS 84 reference | |
ellipsoid. In the absence of elevation values, applications | |
sensitive to height or depth SHOULD interpret positions as being at | |
local ground or sea level. | |
Note: the use of alternative coordinate reference systems was | |
specified in [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>], but it has been removed from this version of | |
the specification because the use of different coordinate reference | |
systems -- especially in the manner specified in [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>] -- has | |
proven to have interoperability issues. In general, GeoJSON | |
processing software is not expected to have access to coordinate | |
reference system databases or to have network access to coordinate | |
reference system transformation parameters. However, where all | |
involved parties have a prior arrangement, alternative coordinate | |
reference systems can be used without risk of data being | |
misinterpreted. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Bounding Box</span> | |
A GeoJSON object MAY have a member named "bbox" to include | |
information on the coordinate range for its Geometries, Features, or | |
FeatureCollections. The value of the bbox member MUST be an array of | |
length 2*n where n is the number of dimensions represented in the | |
contained geometries, with all axes of the most southwesterly point | |
followed by all axes of the more northeasterly point. The axes order | |
of a bbox follows the axes order of geometries. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
The "bbox" values define shapes with edges that follow lines of | |
constant longitude, latitude, and elevation. | |
Example of a 2D bbox member on a Feature: | |
{ | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"bbox": [-10.0, -10.0, 10.0, 10.0], | |
"geometry": { | |
"type": "Polygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[-10.0, -10.0], | |
[10.0, -10.0], | |
[10.0, 10.0], | |
[-10.0, -10.0] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
//... | |
} | |
Example of a 2D bbox member on a FeatureCollection: | |
{ | |
"type": "FeatureCollection", | |
"bbox": [100.0, 0.0, 105.0, 1.0], | |
"features": [ | |
//... | |
] | |
} | |
Example of a 3D bbox member with a depth of 100 meters: | |
{ | |
"type": "FeatureCollection", | |
"bbox": [100.0, 0.0, -100.0, 105.0, 1.0, 0.0], | |
"features": [ | |
//... | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. The Connecting Lines</span> | |
The four lines of the bounding box are defined fully within the | |
coordinate reference system; that is, for a box bounded by the values | |
"west", "south", "east", and "north", every point on the northernmost | |
line can be expressed as | |
(lon, lat) = (west + (east - west) * t, north) | |
with 0 <= t <= 1. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. The Antimeridian</span> | |
Consider a set of point Features within the Fiji archipelago, | |
straddling the antimeridian between 16 degrees S and 20 degrees S. | |
The southwest corner of the box containing these Features is at 20 | |
degrees S and 177 degrees E, and the northwest corner is at 16 | |
degrees S and 178 degrees W. The antimeridian-spanning GeoJSON | |
bounding box for this FeatureCollection is | |
"bbox": [177.0, -20.0, -178.0, -16.0] | |
and covers 5 degrees of longitude. | |
The complementary bounding box for the same latitude band, not | |
crossing the antimeridian, is | |
"bbox": [-178.0, -20.0, 177.0, -16.0] | |
and covers 355 degrees of longitude. | |
The latitude of the northeast corner is always greater than the | |
latitude of the southwest corner, but bounding boxes that cross the | |
antimeridian have a northeast corner longitude that is less than the | |
longitude of the southwest corner. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. The Poles</span> | |
A bounding box that contains the North Pole extends from a southwest | |
corner of "minlat" degrees N, 180 degrees W to a northeast corner of | |
90 degrees N, 180 degrees E. Viewed on a globe, this bounding box | |
approximates a spherical cap bounded by the "minlat" circle of | |
latitude. | |
"bbox": [-180.0, minlat, 180.0, 90.0] | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]</span></pre> | |
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
A bounding box that contains the South Pole extends from a southwest | |
corner of 90 degrees S, 180 degrees W to a northeast corner of | |
"maxlat" degrees S, 180 degrees E. | |
"bbox": [-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, maxlat] | |
A bounding box that just touches the North Pole and forms a slice of | |
an approximate spherical cap when viewed on a globe extends from a | |
southwest corner of "minlat" degrees N and "westlon" degrees E to a | |
northeast corner of 90 degrees N and "eastlon" degrees E. | |
"bbox": [westlon, minlat, eastlon, 90.0] | |
Similarly, a bounding box that just touches the South Pole and forms | |
a slice of an approximate spherical cap when viewed on a globe has | |
the following representation in GeoJSON. | |
"bbox": [westlon, -90.0, eastlon, maxlat] | |
Implementers MUST NOT use latitude values greater than 90 or less | |
than -90 to imply an extent that is not a spherical cap. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Extending GeoJSON</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Foreign Members</span> | |
Members not described in this specification ("foreign members") MAY | |
be used in a GeoJSON document. Note that support for foreign members | |
can vary across implementations, and no normative processing model | |
for foreign members is defined. Accordingly, implementations that | |
rely too heavily on the use of foreign members might experience | |
reduced interoperability with other implementations. | |
For example, in the (abridged) Feature object shown below | |
{ | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"id": "f1", | |
"geometry": {...}, | |
"properties": {...}, | |
"title": "Example Feature" | |
} | |
the name/value pair of "title": "Example Feature" is a foreign | |
member. When the value of a foreign member is an object, all the | |
descendant members of that object are themselves foreign members. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-16" id="page-16" href="#page-16" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
GeoJSON semantics do not apply to foreign members and their | |
descendants, regardless of their names and values. For example, in | |
the (abridged) Feature object below | |
{ | |
"type": "Feature", | |
"id": "f2", | |
"geometry": {...}, | |
"properties": {...}, | |
"centerline": { | |
"type": "LineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[-170, 10], | |
[170, 11] | |
] | |
} | |
} | |
the "centerline" member is not a GeoJSON Geometry object. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. GeoJSON Types Are Not Extensible</span> | |
Implementations MUST NOT extend the fixed set of GeoJSON types: | |
FeatureCollection, Feature, Point, LineString, MultiPoint, Polygon, | |
MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1" href="#section-7.1">7.1</a>. Semantics of GeoJSON Members and Types Are Not Changeable</span> | |
Implementations MUST NOT change the semantics of GeoJSON members and | |
types. | |
The GeoJSON "coordinates" and "geometries" members define Geometry | |
objects. FeatureCollection and Feature objects, respectively, MUST | |
NOT contain a "coordinates" or "geometries" member. | |
The GeoJSON "geometry" and "properties" members define a Feature | |
object. FeatureCollection and Geometry objects, respectively, MUST | |
NOT contain a "geometry" or "properties" member. | |
The GeoJSON "features" member defines a FeatureCollection object. | |
Feature and Geometry objects, respectively, MUST NOT contain a | |
"features" member. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Versioning</span> | |
The GeoJSON format can be extended as defined here, but no explicit | |
versioning scheme is defined. A specification that alters the | |
semantics of GeoJSON members or otherwise modifies the format does | |
not create a new version of this format; instead, it defines an | |
entirely new format that MUST NOT be identified as GeoJSON. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Mapping 'geo' URIs</span> | |
'geo' URIs [<a href="./rfc5870" title=""A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)"">RFC5870</a>] identify geographic locations and precise (not | |
uncertain) locations can be mapped to GeoJSON Geometry objects. | |
For this section, as in [<a href="./rfc5870" title=""A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)"">RFC5870</a>], "lat", "lon", "alt", and "unc" are | |
placeholders for 'geo' URI latitude, longitude, altitude, and | |
uncertainty values, respectively. | |
A 'geo' URI with two coordinates and an uncertainty ('u') parameter | |
that is absent or zero, and a GeoJSON Point geometry may be mapped to | |
each other. A GeoJSON Point is always converted to a 'geo' URI that | |
has no uncertainty parameter. | |
'geo' URI: | |
geo:lat,lon | |
GeoJSON: | |
{"type": "Point", "coordinates": [lon, lat]} | |
The mapping between 'geo' URIs and GeoJSON Points that specify | |
elevation is shown below. | |
'geo' URI: | |
geo:lat,lon,alt | |
GeoJSON: | |
{"type": "Point", "coordinates": [lon, lat, alt]} | |
GeoJSON has no concept of uncertainty; imprecise or uncertain 'geo' | |
URIs thus cannot be mapped to GeoJSON geometries. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Security Considerations</span> | |
GeoJSON shares security issues common to all JSON content types. See | |
<a href="./rfc7159#section-12">[RFC7159], Section 12</a> for additional information. GeoJSON does not | |
provide executable content. | |
GeoJSON does not provide privacy or integrity services. If sensitive | |
data requires privacy or integrity protection, those must be provided | |
by the transport -- for example, Transport Layer Security (TLS) or | |
HTTPS. There will be cases in which stored data need protection, | |
which is out of scope for this document. | |
As with other geographic data formats, e.g., [<a href="#ref-KMLv2.2" title=""OGC KML"">KMLv2.2</a>], providing | |
details about the locations of sensitive persons, animals, habitats, | |
and facilities can expose them to unauthorized tracking or injury. | |
Data providers should recognize the risk of inadvertently identifying | |
individuals if locations in anonymized datasets are not adequately | |
skewed or not sufficiently fuzzed [<a href="#ref-Sweeney" title=""k-anonymity: a model for protecting privacy"">Sweeney</a>] and recognize that the | |
effectiveness of location obscuration is limited by a number of | |
factors and is unlikely to be an effective defense against a | |
determined attack [<a href="./rfc6772" title=""Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information"">RFC6772</a>]. | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Interoperability Considerations</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-11.1" href="#section-11.1">11.1</a>. I-JSON</span> | |
GeoJSON texts should follow the constraints of Internet JSON (I-JSON) | |
[<a href="./rfc7493" title=""The I-JSON Message Format"">RFC7493</a>] for maximum interoperability. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-11.2" href="#section-11.2">11.2</a>. Coordinate Precision</span> | |
The size of a GeoJSON text in bytes is a major interoperability | |
consideration, and precision of coordinate values has a large impact | |
on the size of texts. A GeoJSON text containing many detailed | |
Polygons can be inflated almost by a factor of two by increasing | |
coordinate precision from 6 to 15 decimal places. For geographic | |
coordinates with units of degrees, 6 decimal places (a default common | |
in, e.g., sprintf) amounts to about 10 centimeters, a precision well | |
within that of current GPS systems. Implementations should consider | |
the cost of using a greater precision than necessary. | |
Furthermore, the WGS 84 [<a href="#ref-WGS84" title=""Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems"">WGS84</a>] datum is a relatively coarse | |
approximation of the geoid, with the height varying by up to 5 m (but | |
generally between 2 and 3 meters) higher or lower relative to a | |
surface parallel to Earth's mean sea level. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. IANA Considerations</span> | |
The media type for GeoJSON text is "application/geo+json" and is | |
registered in the "Media Types" registry described in [<a href="./rfc6838" title=""Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures"">RFC6838</a>]. The | |
entry for "application/vnd.geo+json" in the same registry should have | |
its status changed to be "OBSOLETED" with a pointer to the media type | |
"application/geo+json" and a reference added to this RFC. | |
Type name: application | |
Subtype name: geo+json | |
Required parameters: n/a | |
Optional parameters: n/a | |
Encoding considerations: binary | |
Security considerations: See <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> above | |
Interoperability considerations: See <a href="#section-11">Section 11</a> above | |
Published specification: [[<a href="./rfc7946">RFC7946</a>]] | |
Applications that use this media type: No known applications | |
currently use this media type. This media type is intended for | |
GeoJSON applications currently using the "application/ | |
vnd.geo+json" or "application/json" media types, of which there | |
are several categories: web mapping, geospatial databases, | |
geographic data processing APIs, data analysis and storage | |
services, and data dissemination. | |
Additional information: | |
Magic number(s): n/a | |
File extension(s): .json, .geojson | |
Macintosh file type code: n/a | |
Object Identifiers: n/a | |
Windows clipboard name: GeoJSON | |
Macintosh uniform type identifier: public.geojson conforms to | |
public.json | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-20" id="page-20" href="#page-20" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
Person to contact for further information: Sean Gillies | |
(sean.gillies@gmail.com) | |
Intended usage: COMMON | |
Restrictions on usage: none | |
Restrictions on usage: none | |
Author: see "Authors' Addresses" section of [[<a href="./rfc7946">RFC7946</a>]]. | |
Change controller: Internet Engineering Task Force | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. References</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-13.1" href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>. Normative References</span> | |
[<a name="ref-RFC2119" id="ref-RFC2119">RFC2119</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate | |
Requirement Levels", <a href="./bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, | |
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, | |
<<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC6838" id="ref-RFC6838">RFC6838</a>] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type | |
Specifications and Registration Procedures", <a href="./bcp13">BCP 13</a>, | |
<a href="./rfc6838">RFC 6838</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013, | |
<<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC7159" id="ref-RFC7159">RFC7159</a>] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data | |
Interchange Format", <a href="./rfc7159">RFC 7159</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March | |
2014, <<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC7493" id="ref-RFC7493">RFC7493</a>] Bray, T., Ed., "The I-JSON Message Format", <a href="./rfc7493">RFC 7493</a>, | |
DOI 10.17487/RFC7493, March 2015, | |
<<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7493">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7493</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-WGS84" id="ref-WGS84">WGS84</a>] National Imagery and Mapping Agency, "Department of | |
Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and | |
Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems", Third Edition, | |
1984. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-21" id="page-21" href="#page-21" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-13.2" href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>. Informative References</span> | |
[<a name="ref-GJ2008" id="ref-GJ2008">GJ2008</a>] Butler, H., Daly, M., Doyle, A., Gillies, S., Schaub, T., | |
and C. Schmidt, "The GeoJSON Format Specification", June | |
2008. | |
[<a name="ref-KMLv2.2" id="ref-KMLv2.2">KMLv2.2</a>] Wilson, T., "OGC KML", OGC 07-147r2, Version 2.2.0, April | |
2008. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC5870" id="ref-RFC5870">RFC5870</a>] Mayrhofer, A. and C. Spanring, "A Uniform Resource | |
Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)", | |
<a href="./rfc5870">RFC 5870</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC5870, June 2010, | |
<<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5870">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5870</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC6772" id="ref-RFC6772">RFC6772</a>] Schulzrinne, H., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Cuellar, J., | |
Polk, J., Morris, J., and M. Thomson, "Geolocation Policy: | |
A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for | |
Location Information", <a href="./rfc6772">RFC 6772</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC6772, | |
January 2013, <<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6772">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6772</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-RFC7464" id="ref-RFC7464">RFC7464</a>] Williams, N., "JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text | |
Sequences", <a href="./rfc7464">RFC 7464</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7464, February 2015, | |
<<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7464">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7464</a>>. | |
[<a name="ref-SFSQL" id="ref-SFSQL">SFSQL</a>] OpenGIS Consortium, Inc., "OpenGIS Simple Features | |
Specification For SQL Revision 1.1", OGC 99-049, May 1999. | |
[<a name="ref-Sweeney" id="ref-Sweeney">Sweeney</a>] Sweeney, L., "k-anonymity: a model for protecting | |
privacy", International Journal on Uncertainty, Fuzziness | |
and Knowledge-based Systems 10 (5), 2002; 557-570, | |
DOI 10.1142/S0218488502001648, 2002. | |
[<a name="ref-WFSv1" id="ref-WFSv1">WFSv1</a>] Vretanos, P., "Web Feature Service Implementation | |
Specification", OGC 04-094, Version 1.1.0, May 2005. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-22" id="page-22" href="#page-22" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A" href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>. Geometry Examples</span> | |
Each of the examples below represents a valid and complete GeoJSON | |
object. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.1" href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>. Points</span> | |
Point coordinates are in x, y order (easting, northing for projected | |
coordinates, longitude, and latitude for geographic coordinates): | |
{ | |
"type": "Point", | |
"coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] | |
} | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.2" href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>. LineStrings</span> | |
Coordinates of LineString are an array of positions (see | |
<a href="#section-3.1.1">Section 3.1.1</a>): | |
{ | |
"type": "LineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-23" id="page-23" href="#page-23" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.3" href="#appendix-A.3">A.3</a>. Polygons</span> | |
Coordinates of a Polygon are an array of linear ring (see | |
<a href="#section-3.1.6">Section 3.1.6</a>) coordinate arrays. The first element in the array | |
represents the exterior ring. Any subsequent elements represent | |
interior rings (or holes). | |
No holes: | |
{ | |
"type": "Polygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 0.0] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
With holes: | |
{ | |
"type": "Polygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 0.0] | |
], | |
[ | |
[100.8, 0.8], | |
[100.8, 0.2], | |
[100.2, 0.2], | |
[100.2, 0.8], | |
[100.8, 0.8] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-24" id="page-24" href="#page-24" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.4" href="#appendix-A.4">A.4</a>. MultiPoints</span> | |
Coordinates of a MultiPoint are an array of positions: | |
{ | |
"type": "MultiPoint", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.5" href="#appendix-A.5">A.5</a>. MultiLineStrings</span> | |
Coordinates of a MultiLineString are an array of LineString | |
coordinate arrays: | |
{ | |
"type": "MultiLineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0] | |
], | |
[ | |
[102.0, 2.0], | |
[103.0, 3.0] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-25" id="page-25" href="#page-25" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.6" href="#appendix-A.6">A.6</a>. MultiPolygons</span> | |
Coordinates of a MultiPolygon are an array of Polygon coordinate | |
arrays: | |
{ | |
"type": "MultiPolygon", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[ | |
[ | |
[102.0, 2.0], | |
[103.0, 2.0], | |
[103.0, 3.0], | |
[102.0, 3.0], | |
[102.0, 2.0] | |
] | |
], | |
[ | |
[ | |
[100.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 0.0], | |
[101.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 1.0], | |
[100.0, 0.0] | |
], | |
[ | |
[100.2, 0.2], | |
[100.2, 0.8], | |
[100.8, 0.8], | |
[100.8, 0.2], | |
[100.2, 0.2] | |
] | |
] | |
] | |
} | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-26" id="page-26" href="#page-26" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.7" href="#appendix-A.7">A.7</a>. GeometryCollections</span> | |
Each element in the "geometries" array of a GeometryCollection is one | |
of the Geometry objects described above: | |
{ | |
"type": "GeometryCollection", | |
"geometries": [{ | |
"type": "Point", | |
"coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] | |
}, { | |
"type": "LineString", | |
"coordinates": [ | |
[101.0, 0.0], | |
[102.0, 1.0] | |
] | |
}] | |
} | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-B" href="#appendix-B">Appendix B</a>. Changes from the Pre-IETF GeoJSON Format Specification</span> | |
This appendix briefly summarizes non-editorial changes from the 2008 | |
specification [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>]. | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-B.1" href="#appendix-B.1">B.1</a>. Normative Changes</span> | |
o Specification of coordinate reference systems has been removed, | |
i.e., the "crs" member of [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>] is no longer used. | |
o In the absence of elevation values, applications sensitive to | |
height or depth SHOULD interpret positions as being at local | |
ground or sea level (see <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>). | |
o Implementations SHOULD NOT extend position arrays beyond 3 | |
elements (see <a href="#section-3.1.1">Section 3.1.1</a>). | |
o A line between two positions is a straight Cartesian line (see | |
<a href="#section-3.1.1">Section 3.1.1</a>). | |
o Polygon rings MUST follow the right-hand rule for orientation | |
(counterclockwise external rings, clockwise internal rings). | |
o The values of a "bbox" array are "[west, south, east, north]", not | |
"[minx, miny, maxx, maxy]" (see <a href="#section-5">Section 5</a>). | |
o A Feature object's "id" member is a string or number (see | |
<a href="#section-3.2">Section 3.2</a>). | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-27" id="page-27" href="#page-27" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
o Extensions MAY be used, but MUST NOT change the semantics of | |
GeoJSON members and types (see <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>). | |
o GeoJSON objects MUST NOT contain the defining members of other | |
types (see <a href="#section-7.1">Section 7.1</a>). | |
o The media type for GeoJSON is "application/geo+json". | |
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-B.2" href="#appendix-B.2">B.2</a>. Informative Changes</span> | |
o The definition of a GeoJSON text has been added. | |
o Rules for mapping 'geo' URIs have been added. | |
o A recommendation of the I-JSON [<a href="./rfc7493" title=""The I-JSON Message Format"">RFC7493</a>] constraints has been | |
added. | |
o Implementers are cautioned about the effect of excessive | |
coordinate precision on interoperability. | |
o Interoperability concerns of GeometryCollections are noted. These | |
objects should be used sparingly (see <a href="#section-3.1.8">Section 3.1.8</a>). | |
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="appendix-C" href="#appendix-C">Appendix C</a>. GeoJSON Text Sequences</span> | |
All GeoJSON objects defined in this specification -- | |
FeatureCollection, Feature, and Geometry -- consist of exactly one | |
JSON object. However, there may be circumstances in which | |
applications need to represent sets or sequences of these objects | |
(over and above the grouping of Feature objects in a | |
FeatureCollection), e.g., in order to efficiently "stream" large | |
numbers of Feature objects. The definition of such sets or sequences | |
is outside the scope of this specification. | |
If such a representation is needed, a new media type is required that | |
has the ability to represent these sets or sequences. When defining | |
such a media type, it may be useful to base it on "JavaScript Object | |
Notation (JSON) Text Sequences" [<a href="./rfc7464" title=""JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences"">RFC7464</a>], leaving the foundations of | |
how to represent multiple JSON objects to that specification, and | |
only defining how it applies to GeoJSON objects. | |
Acknowledgements | |
The GeoJSON format is the product of discussion on the GeoJSON | |
mailing list, <<a href="http://lists.geojson.org/listinfo.cgi/geojson-geojson.org">http://lists.geojson.org/listinfo.cgi/</a> | |
<a href="http://lists.geojson.org/listinfo.cgi/geojson-geojson.org">geojson-geojson.org</a>>, before October 2015 and in the IETF's GeoJSON | |
WG after October 2015. | |
<span class="grey">Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]</span></pre> | |
<hr class='noprint' style='width: 96ex;' align='left'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-28" id="page-28" href="#page-28" class="invisible"> </a> | |
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7946">RFC 7946</a> GeoJSON August 2016</span> | |
Material in this document was adapted with changes from | |
<<a href="http://geojson.org/geojson-spec.html">http://geojson.org/geojson-spec.html</a>> [<a href="#ref-GJ2008" title=""The GeoJSON Format Specification"">GJ2008</a>], which is licensed | |
under <<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/</a>>. | |
Authors' Addresses | |
Howard Butler | |
Hobu Inc. | |
Email: howard@hobu.co | |
Martin Daly | |
Cadcorp | |
Email: martin.daly@cadcorp.com | |
Allan Doyle | |
Email: adoyle@intl-interfaces.com | |
Sean Gillies | |
Mapbox | |
Email: sean.gillies@gmail.com | |
URI: <a href="http://sgillies.net">http://sgillies.net</a> | |
Stefan Hagen | |
Rheinaustr. 62 | |
Bonn 53225 | |
Germany | |
Email: stefan@hagen.link | |
URI: <a href="http://stefan-hagen.website/">http://stefan-hagen.website/</a> | |
Tim Schaub | |
Planet Labs | |
Email: tim.schaub@gmail.com | |
Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] | |
</pre><br /> | |
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