sjengle · April 24, 2024 13:04 · loveyandex · Feb 21, 2023 · Shervin1995 · Nov 12, 2023
diff --git a/.block b/.block
 license: gpl-3.0
 height: 500
 border: no
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
 <html lang="en">

 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Flight Paths using Edge Bundling</title>

  <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v5.min.js"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/topojson@3"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-delaunay@4"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-geo-voronoi@1"></script>

  <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
 </head>

 <body>

 <!-- must be 960x600 to match topojson us atlas files -->
 <svg width="960" height="600">
  <!-- must be in this order for drawing -->
  <g id="basemap"></g>
  <g id="flights"></g>
  <g id="airports"></g>
  <g id="voronoi"></g>
  <text id="tooltip" style="display: none;"></text>
 </svg>

 <script src="script.js"></script>

 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/preview.png b/preview.png
diff --git a/script.js b/script.js
 const urls = {
  // source: https://observablehq.com/@mbostock/u-s-airports-voronoi
  // source: https://github.com/topojson/us-atlas
  map: "states-albers-10m.json",

  // source: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/7608400
  airports:
    "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/airports.csv",

  // source: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/7608400
  flights:
    "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/flights.csv"
 };

 const svg  = d3.select("svg");

 const width  = parseInt(svg.attr("width"));
 const height = parseInt(svg.attr("height"));
 const hypotenuse = Math.sqrt(width * width + height * height);

 // must be hard-coded to match our topojson projection
 // source: https://github.com/topojson/us-atlas
 const projection = d3.geoAlbers().scale(1280).translate([480, 300]);

 const scales = {
  // used to scale airport bubbles
  airports: d3.scaleSqrt()
    .range([4, 18]),

  // used to scale number of segments per line
  segments: d3.scaleLinear()
    .domain([0, hypotenuse])
    .range([1, 10])
 };

 // have these already created for easier drawing
 const g = {
  basemap:  svg.select("g#basemap"),
  flights:  svg.select("g#flights"),
  airports: svg.select("g#airports"),
  voronoi:  svg.select("g#voronoi")
 };

 console.assert(g.basemap.size()  === 1);
 console.assert(g.flights.size()  === 1);
 console.assert(g.airports.size() === 1);
 console.assert(g.voronoi.size()  === 1);

 const tooltip = d3.select("text#tooltip");
 console.assert(tooltip.size() === 1);

 // load and draw base map
 d3.json(urls.map).then(drawMap);

 // load the airport and flight data together
 const promises = [
  d3.csv(urls.airports, typeAirport),
  d3.csv(urls.flights,  typeFlight)
 ];

 Promise.all(promises).then(processData);

 // process airport and flight data
 function processData(values) {
  console.assert(values.length === 2);

  let airports = values[0];
  let flights  = values[1];

  console.log("airports: " + airports.length);
  console.log(" flights: " + flights.length);

  // convert airports array (pre filter) into map for fast lookup
  let iata = new Map(airports.map(node => [node.iata, node]));

  // calculate incoming and outgoing degree based on flights
  // flights are given by airport iata code (not index)
  flights.forEach(function(link) {
    link.source = iata.get(link.origin);
    link.target = iata.get(link.destination);

    link.source.outgoing += link.count;
    link.target.incoming += link.count;
  });

  // remove airports out of bounds
  let old = airports.length;
  airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.x >= 0 && airport.y >= 0);
  console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports out of bounds");

  // remove airports with NA state
  old = airports.length;
  airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.state !== "NA");
  console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports with NA state");

  // remove airports without any flights
  old = airports.length;
  airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.outgoing > 0 && airport.incoming > 0);
  console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports without flights");

  // sort airports by outgoing degree
  airports.sort((a, b) => d3.descending(a.outgoing, b.outgoing));

  // keep only the top airports
  old = airports.length;
  airports = airports.slice(0, 50);
  console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports with low outgoing degree");

  // done filtering airports can draw
  drawAirports(airports);
  drawPolygons(airports);

  // reset map to only include airports post-filter
  iata = new Map(airports.map(node => [node.iata, node]));

  // filter out flights that are not between airports we have leftover
  old = flights.length;
  flights = flights.filter(link => iata.has(link.source.iata) && iata.has(link.target.iata));
  console.log(" removed: " + (old - flights.length) + " flights");

  // done filtering flights can draw
  drawFlights(airports, flights);

  console.log({airports: airports});
  console.log({flights: flights});
 }

 // draws the underlying map
 function drawMap(map) {
  // remove non-continental states
  map.objects.states.geometries = map.objects.states.geometries.filter(isContinental);

  // run topojson on remaining states and adjust projection
  let land = topojson.merge(map, map.objects.states.geometries);

  // use null projection; data is already projected
  let path = d3.geoPath();

  // draw base map
  g.basemap.append("path")
    .datum(land)
    .attr("class", "land")
    .attr("d", path);

  // draw interior borders
  g.basemap.append("path")
    .datum(topojson.mesh(map, map.objects.states, (a, b) => a !== b))
    .attr("class", "border interior")
    .attr("d", path);

  // draw exterior borders
  g.basemap.append("path")
    .datum(topojson.mesh(map, map.objects.states, (a, b) => a === b))
    .attr("class", "border exterior")
    .attr("d", path);
 }

 function drawAirports(airports) {
  // adjust scale
  const extent = d3.extent(airports, d => d.outgoing);
  scales.airports.domain(extent);

  // draw airport bubbles
  g.airports.selectAll("circle.airport")
    .data(airports, d => d.iata)
    .enter()
    .append("circle")
    .attr("r",  d => scales.airports(d.outgoing))
    .attr("cx", d => d.x) // calculated on load
    .attr("cy", d => d.y) // calculated on load
    .attr("class", "airport")
    .each(function(d) {
      // adds the circle object to our airport
      // makes it fast to select airports on hover
      d.bubble = this;
    });
 }

 function drawPolygons(airports) {
  // convert array of airports into geojson format
  const geojson = airports.map(function(airport) {
    return {
      type: "Feature",
      properties: airport,
      geometry: {
        type: "Point",
        coordinates: [airport.longitude, airport.latitude]
      }
    };
  });

  // calculate voronoi polygons
  const polygons = d3.geoVoronoi().polygons(geojson);
  console.log(polygons);

  g.voronoi.selectAll("path")
    .data(polygons.features)
    .enter()
    .append("path")
    .attr("d", d3.geoPath(projection))
    .attr("class", "voronoi")
    .on("mouseover", function(d) {
      let airport = d.properties.site.properties;

      d3.select(airport.bubble)
        .classed("highlight", true);

      d3.selectAll(airport.flights)
        .classed("highlight", true)
        .raise();

      // make tooltip take up space but keep it invisible
      tooltip.style("display", null);
      tooltip.style("visibility", "hidden");

      // set default tooltip positioning
      tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "middle");
      tooltip.attr("dy", -scales.airports(airport.outgoing) - 4);
      tooltip.attr("x", airport.x);
      tooltip.attr("y", airport.y);

      // set the tooltip text
      tooltip.text(airport.name + " in " + airport.city + ", " + airport.state);

      // double check if the anchor needs to be changed
      let bbox = tooltip.node().getBBox();

      if (bbox.x <= 0) {
        tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "start");
      }
      else if (bbox.x + bbox.width >= width) {
        tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "end");
      }

      tooltip.style("visibility", "visible");
    })
    .on("mouseout", function(d) {
      let airport = d.properties.site.properties;

      d3.select(airport.bubble)
        .classed("highlight", false);

      d3.selectAll(airport.flights)
        .classed("highlight", false);

      d3.select("text#tooltip").style("visibility", "hidden");
    })
    .on("dblclick", function(d) {
      // toggle voronoi outline
      let toggle = d3.select(this).classed("highlight");
      d3.select(this).classed("highlight", !toggle);
    });
 }

 function drawFlights(airports, flights) {
  // break each flight between airports into multiple segments
  let bundle = generateSegments(airports, flights);

  // https://github.com/d3/d3-shape#curveBundle
  let line = d3.line()
    .curve(d3.curveBundle)
    .x(airport => airport.x)
    .y(airport => airport.y);

  let links = g.flights.selectAll("path.flight")
    .data(bundle.paths)
    .enter()
    .append("path")
    .attr("d", line)
    .attr("class", "flight")
    .each(function(d) {
      // adds the path object to our source airport
      // makes it fast to select outgoing paths
      d[0].flights.push(this);
    });

  // https://github.com/d3/d3-force
  let layout = d3.forceSimulation()
    // settle at a layout faster
    .alphaDecay(0.1)
    // nearby nodes attract each other
    .force("charge", d3.forceManyBody()
      .strength(10)
      .distanceMax(scales.airports.range()[1] * 2)
    )
    // edges want to be as short as possible
    // prevents too much stretching
    .force("link", d3.forceLink()
      .strength(0.7)
      .distance(0)
    )
    .on("tick", function(d) {
      links.attr("d", line);
    })
    .on("end", function(d) {
      console.log("layout complete");
    });

  layout.nodes(bundle.nodes).force("link").links(bundle.links);
 }

 // Turns a single edge into several segments that can
 // be used for simple edge bundling.
 function generateSegments(nodes, links) {
  // generate separate graph for edge bundling
  // nodes: all nodes including control nodes
  // links: all individual segments (source to target)
  // paths: all segments combined into single path for drawing
  let bundle = {nodes: [], links: [], paths: []};

  // make existing nodes fixed
  bundle.nodes = nodes.map(function(d, i) {
    d.fx = d.x;
    d.fy = d.y;
    return d;
  });

  links.forEach(function(d, i) {
    // calculate the distance between the source and target
    let length = distance(d.source, d.target);

    // calculate total number of inner nodes for this link
    let total = Math.round(scales.segments(length));

    // create scales from source to target
    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
      .domain([0, total + 1]) // source, inner nodes, target
      .range([d.source.x, d.target.x]);

    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
      .domain([0, total + 1])
      .range([d.source.y, d.target.y]);

    // initialize source node
    let source = d.source;
    let target = null;

    // add all points to local path
    let local = [source];

    for (let j = 1; j <= total; j++) {
      // calculate target node
      target = {
        x: xscale(j),
        y: yscale(j)
      };

      local.push(target);
      bundle.nodes.push(target);

      bundle.links.push({
        source: source,
        target: target
      });

      source = target;
    }

    local.push(d.target);

    // add last link to target node
    bundle.links.push({
      source: target,
      target: d.target
    });

    bundle.paths.push(local);
  });

  return bundle;
 }

 // determines which states belong to the continental united states
 // https://gist.github.com/mbostock/4090846#file-us-state-names-tsv
 function isContinental(state) {
  const id = parseInt(state.id);
  return id < 60 && id !== 2 && id !== 15;
 }

 // see airports.csv
 // convert gps coordinates to number and init degree
 function typeAirport(airport) {
  airport.longitude = parseFloat(airport.longitude);
  airport.latitude  = parseFloat(airport.latitude);

  // use projection hard-coded to match topojson data
  const coords = projection([airport.longitude, airport.latitude]);
  airport.x = coords[0];
  airport.y = coords[1];

  airport.outgoing = 0;  // eventually tracks number of outgoing flights
  airport.incoming = 0;  // eventually tracks number of incoming flights

  airport.flights = [];  // eventually tracks outgoing flights

  return airport;
 }

 // see flights.csv
 // convert count to number
 function typeFlight(flight) {
  flight.count = parseInt(flight.count);
  return flight;
 }

 // calculates the distance between two nodes
 // sqrt( (x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2 )
 function distance(source, target) {
  const dx2 = Math.pow(target.x - source.x, 2);
  const dy2 = Math.pow(target.y - source.y, 2);

  return Math.sqrt(dx2 + dy2);
 }
diff --git a/states-albers-10m.json b/states-albers-10m.json
 {"type":"Topology","bbox":[-57.66491068874468,12.97635452036684,957.5235629133763,606.5694262668667],"transform":{"scale":[0.010151986255883769,0.005935990077365771],"translate":[-57.66491068874468,12.97635452036684]},"objects":{"states":{"type":"GeometryCollection","geometries":[{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[0]],[[1,2,3,4,5]]],"id":"01","properties":{"name":"Alabama"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[6]],[[7]],[[8]],[[9]],[[10]],[[11]],[[12]],[[13]],[[14]],[[15]],[[16]],[[17]],[[18]],[[19]],[[20]],[[21]],[[22]],[[23]],[[24]],[[25]],[[26]],[[27]],[[28]],[[29]],[[30]],[[31]],[[32]],[[33]],[[34]],[[35]],[[36]],[[37]],[[38]],[[39]],[[40]],[[41]],[[42]],[[43]],[[44]],[[45]],[[46]],[[47]],[[48]],[[49]],[[50]],[[51]],[[52]],[[53]],[[54]],[[55]],[[56]],[[57]],[[58]],[[59]],[[60]],[[61]]],"id":"02","properties":{"name":"Alaska"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[62,63,64,65,66]],"id":"04","properties":{"name":"Arizona"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[67,68,69,70,71,72]],"id":"08","properties":{"name":"Colorado"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[73]],[[74]],[[75]],[[76]],[[77]],[[78]],[[79]],[[80]],[[81]],[[82,83,-4]]],"id":"12","properties":{"name":"Florida"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[84,85,86,87,-83,-3]],"id":"13","properties":{"name":"Georgia"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[88,89,90,91,92]],"id":"18","properties":{"name":"Indiana"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[93,94,95,-70]],"id":"20","properties":{"name":"Kansas"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[96]],[[97]],[[98]],[[99]],[[100]],[[101]],[[102]],[[103,104]]],"id":"23","properties":{"name":"Maine"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[105]],[[106]],[[107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114]]],"id":"25","properties":{"name":"Massachusetts"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[115,116,117,118,119]],"id":"27","properties":{"name":"Minnesota"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127]],"id":"34","properties":{"name":"New Jersey"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[128]],[[129]],[[130,131,132,-86,133]]],"id":"37","properties":{"name":"North Carolina"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[134,-120,135,136]],"id":"38","properties":{"name":"North Dakota"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-71,-96,137,138,139,140]],"id":"40","properties":{"name":"Oklahoma"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[141,142,-123,143,144,145,146]],"id":"42","properties":{"name":"Pennsylvania"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[147,-136,-119,148,149,150]],"id":"46","properties":{"name":"South Dakota"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-140,151,152,153,154]],"id":"48","properties":{"name":"Texas"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-151,155,-68,156,157,158]],"id":"56","properties":{"name":"Wyoming"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-114,159,160,161]],"id":"09","properties":{"name":"Connecticut"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[162,163,164,165,166,167,168,-138,-95,169]],"id":"29","properties":{"name":"Missouri"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[170,-146,171,172,173]],"id":"54","properties":{"name":"West Virginia"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[174,175,176,-93,177,-164]],"id":"17","properties":{"name":"Illinois"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-72,-141,-155,178,-66]],"id":"35","properties":{"name":"New Mexico"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-169,179,180,181,-152,-139]],"id":"05","properties":{"name":"Arkansas"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[182]],[[183]],[[184]],[[185]],[[186]],[[187]],[[188]],[[189,190,-63,191]]],"id":"06","properties":{"name":"California"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[-128,192]],[[-144,-122,193,194]]],"id":"10","properties":{"name":"Delaware"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[195,196]],"id":"11","properties":{"name":"District of Columbia"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[197]],[[198]],[[199]],[[200]],[[201]],[[202]],[[203]],[[204]]],"id":"15","properties":{"name":"Hawaii"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[-118,205,-175,-163,206,-149]],"id":"19","properties":{"name":"Iowa"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[-178,-92,207,-174,208,209,-165]],[[210,-167]]],"id":"21","properties":{"name":"Kentucky"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[211,212]],[[213]],[[-145,-195,214,215,216,217,-196,218,-172]]],"id":"24","properties":{"name":"Maryland"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[219]],[[220]],[[221]],[[222]],[[223]],[[224]],[[225]],[[226]],[[227,228,-90]],[[229]],[[230,231]]],"id":"26","properties":{"name":"Michigan"}},{"type":"MultiPolygon","arcs":[[[232]],[[233]],[[234]],[[235]],[[-181,236,-6,237,238]]],"id":"28","properties":{"name":"Mississippi"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[239,-137,-148,-159,240]],"id":"30","properties":{"name":"Montana"}},{"type":"Polygon","arcs":[[241,-104,242,-109,243]],"id":"33","properties":{"name":"New 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diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
 body {
  background-color: white;
  text-align: center;
  font-family: sans-serif;
 }

 .land {
  fill: #dddddd;
 }

 .border {
  fill: none;
  stroke-width: 1px;
 }

 .interior {
  stroke: white;
 }

 .exterior {
  stroke: #bbbbbb;
 }

 .airport {
  fill: white;
  opacity: 0.6;
  stroke: #252525;
 }

 .flight {
  fill: none;
  stroke: #252525;
  stroke-width: 1px;
  stroke-opacity: 0.1;
 }

 .voronoi {
  fill: none;
  stroke: none;
  stroke-width: 1px;
 }

 .highlight {
  opacity: 1 !important;
  stroke: red !important;
  stroke-width: 2px !important;
  stroke-opacity: 0.8 !important;
 }

 g#voronoi {
  pointer-events: all;
 }

 /* shadow trick from bl.ocks.org */
 #tooltip {
  font-size: 10pt;
  font-weight: 900;
  fill: white;
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 #252525, 1px -1px 0 #252525, -1px 1px 0 #252525, -1px -1px 0 #252525;
 }
diff --git a/template.html b/template.html
 <html lang="en">

 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Flight Paths using Edge Bundling</title>

  <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v5.min.js"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/topojson@3"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-delaunay@4"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-geo-voronoi@1"></script>

  <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
 </head>

 <body>

 <!-- must be 960x600 to match topojson us atlas files -->
 <svg width="960" height="600">
  <!-- must be in this order for drawing -->
  <g id="basemap"></g>
  <g id="flights"></g>
  <g id="airports"></g>
  <g id="voronoi"></g>
  <text id="tooltip" style="display: none;"></text>
 </svg>

 <script src="template.js"></script>

 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/template.js b/template.js
 const urls = {
  map: "states-albers-10m.json",
  airports: "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/airports.csv",
  flights: "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/flights.csv"
 };

 const svg  = d3.select("svg");

 const width  = parseInt(svg.attr("width"));
 const height = parseInt(svg.attr("height"));
 const hypotenuse = Math.sqrt(width * width + height * height);

 const projection = d3.geoAlbers().scale(1280).translate([480, 300]);

 const scales = {
  airports: d3.scaleSqrt().range([4, 18]),
  segments: d3.scaleLinear().domain([0, hypotenuse]).range([1, 10])
 };

 const g = {
  basemap:  svg.select("g#basemap"),
  flights:  svg.select("g#flights"),
  airports: svg.select("g#airports"),
  voronoi:  svg.select("g#voronoi")
 };

 console.assert(g.basemap.size()  === 1);
 console.assert(g.flights.size()  === 1);
 console.assert(g.airports.size() === 1);
 console.assert(g.voronoi.size()  === 1);

 const tooltip = d3.select("text#tooltip");
 console.assert(tooltip.size() === 1);

 // TODO

 function processData(values) {
  console.assert(values.length === 2);

  let airports = values[0];
  let flights  = values[1];

  console.log("airports: " + airports.length);
  console.log(" flights: " + flights.length);

  // TODO

  console.log({airports: airports});
  console.log({flights: flights});
 }

 function drawMap(map) {
  map.objects.states.geometries = map.objects.states.geometries.filter(isContinental);

  let land = topojson.merge(map, map.objects.states.geometries);
  let path = d3.geoPath();

  g.basemap.append("path")
    .datum(land)
    .attr("class", "land")
    .attr("d", path);

  // TODO
 }

 function drawAirports(airports) {
  const extent = d3.extent(airports, d => d.outgoing);
  scales.airports.domain(extent);

  g.airports.selectAll("circle.airport")
    .data(airports, d => d.iata)
    .enter()
    .append("circle")
    .attr("r",  d => scales.airports(d.outgoing))
    .attr("cx", d => d.x)
    .attr("cy", d => d.y)
    .attr("class", "airport")
    .each(function(d) {
      // TODO
    });
 }

 function drawPolygons(airports) {
  const geojson = airports.map(function(airport) {
    return {
      type: "Feature",
      properties: airport,
      geometry: {
        type: "Point",
        coordinates: [airport.longitude, airport.latitude]
      }
    };
  });

  // TODO
 }

 function drawFlights(airports, flights) {
  let bundle = generateSegments(airports, flights);

  let line = d3.line()
    .curve(d3.curveBundle)
    .x(airport => airport.x)
    .y(airport => airport.y);

  let links = g.flights.selectAll("path.flight")
    .data(bundle.paths)
    .enter()
    .append("path")
    .attr("d", line)
    .attr("class", "flight")
    .each(function(d) {
      // TODO Fill in
    });

  // TODO Fill in
 }

 function generateSegments(nodes, links) {
  let bundle = {nodes: [], links: [], paths: []};

  bundle.nodes = nodes.map(function(d, i) {
    d.fx = d.x;
    d.fy = d.y;
    return d;
  });

  links.forEach(function(d, i) {
    let length = distance(d.source, d.target);
    let total = Math.round(scales.segments(length));

    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
      .domain([0, total + 1])
      .range([d.source.x, d.target.x]);

    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
      .domain([0, total + 1])
      .range([d.source.y, d.target.y]);

    let source = d.source;
    let target = null;
    let local = [source];

    for (let j = 1; j <= total; j++) {
      target = {x: xscale(j), y: yscale(j)};
      local.push(target);
      bundle.nodes.push(target);
      bundle.links.push({source: source, target: target});
      source = target;
    }

    local.push(d.target);
    bundle.links.push({source: target, target: d.target});
    bundle.paths.push(local);
  });

  return bundle;
 }

 function isContinental(state) {
  const id = parseInt(state.id);
  return id < 60 && id !== 2 && id !== 15;
 }

 function typeAirport(airport) {
  airport.longitude = parseFloat(airport.longitude);
  airport.latitude  = parseFloat(airport.latitude);

  const coords = projection([airport.longitude, airport.latitude]);
  airport.x = coords[0];
  airport.y = coords[1];

  airport.outgoing = 0;
  airport.incoming = 0;
  airport.flights = [];

  return airport;
 }

 function typeFlight(flight) {
  flight.count = parseInt(flight.count);
  return flight;
 }

 function distance(source, target) {
  const dx2 = Math.pow(target.x - source.x, 2);
  const dy2 = Math.pow(target.y - source.y, 2);
  return Math.sqrt(dx2 + dy2);
 }
diff --git a/thumbnail.png b/thumbnail.png
iata	name	city	state	country	latitude	longitude
00M	Thigpen	Bay Springs	MS	USA	31.95376472	-89.23450472
00R	Livingston Municipal	Livingston	TX	USA	30.68586111	-95.01792778
	<html lang="en">

	<head>
	<meta charset="utf-8">
	<title>Flight Paths using Edge Bundling</title>

	<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v5.min.js"></script>
	<script src="https://unpkg.com/topojson@3"></script>
	<script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-delaunay@4"></script>
	<script src="https://unpkg.com/d3-geo-voronoi@1"></script>

	<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
	</head>

	<body>

	<!-- must be 960x600 to match topojson us atlas files -->
	<svg width="960" height="600">
	<!-- must be in this order for drawing -->
	<g id="basemap"></g>
	<g id="flights"></g>
	<g id="airports"></g>
	<g id="voronoi"></g>
	<text id="tooltip" style="display: none;"></text>
	</svg>

	<script src="script.js"></script>

	</body>
	</html>
	const urls = {
	// source: https://observablehq.com/@mbostock/u-s-airports-voronoi
	// source: https://github.com/topojson/us-atlas
	map: "states-albers-10m.json",

	// source: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/7608400
	airports:
	"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/airports.csv",

	// source: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/7608400
	flights:
	"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/flights.csv"
	};

	const svg = d3.select("svg");

	const width = parseInt(svg.attr("width"));
	const height = parseInt(svg.attr("height"));
	const hypotenuse = Math.sqrt(width * width + height * height);

	// must be hard-coded to match our topojson projection
	// source: https://github.com/topojson/us-atlas
	const projection = d3.geoAlbers().scale(1280).translate([480, 300]);

	const scales = {
	// used to scale airport bubbles
	airports: d3.scaleSqrt()
	.range([4, 18]),

	// used to scale number of segments per line
	segments: d3.scaleLinear()
	.domain([0, hypotenuse])
	.range([1, 10])
	};

	// have these already created for easier drawing
	const g = {
	basemap: svg.select("g#basemap"),
	flights: svg.select("g#flights"),
	airports: svg.select("g#airports"),
	voronoi: svg.select("g#voronoi")
	};

	console.assert(g.basemap.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.flights.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.airports.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.voronoi.size() === 1);

	const tooltip = d3.select("text#tooltip");
	console.assert(tooltip.size() === 1);

	// load and draw base map
	d3.json(urls.map).then(drawMap);

	// load the airport and flight data together
	const promises = [
	d3.csv(urls.airports, typeAirport),
	d3.csv(urls.flights, typeFlight)
	];

	Promise.all(promises).then(processData);

	// process airport and flight data
	function processData(values) {
	console.assert(values.length === 2);

	let airports = values[0];
	let flights = values[1];

	console.log("airports: " + airports.length);
	console.log(" flights: " + flights.length);

	// convert airports array (pre filter) into map for fast lookup
	let iata = new Map(airports.map(node => [node.iata, node]));

	// calculate incoming and outgoing degree based on flights
	// flights are given by airport iata code (not index)
	flights.forEach(function(link) {
	link.source = iata.get(link.origin);
	link.target = iata.get(link.destination);

	link.source.outgoing += link.count;
	link.target.incoming += link.count;
	});

	// remove airports out of bounds
	let old = airports.length;
	airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.x >= 0 && airport.y >= 0);
	console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports out of bounds");

	// remove airports with NA state
	old = airports.length;
	airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.state !== "NA");
	console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports with NA state");

	// remove airports without any flights
	old = airports.length;
	airports = airports.filter(airport => airport.outgoing > 0 && airport.incoming > 0);
	console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports without flights");

	// sort airports by outgoing degree
	airports.sort((a, b) => d3.descending(a.outgoing, b.outgoing));

	// keep only the top airports
	old = airports.length;
	airports = airports.slice(0, 50);
	console.log(" removed: " + (old - airports.length) + " airports with low outgoing degree");

	// done filtering airports can draw
	drawAirports(airports);
	drawPolygons(airports);

	// reset map to only include airports post-filter
	iata = new Map(airports.map(node => [node.iata, node]));

	// filter out flights that are not between airports we have leftover
	old = flights.length;
	flights = flights.filter(link => iata.has(link.source.iata) && iata.has(link.target.iata));
	console.log(" removed: " + (old - flights.length) + " flights");

	// done filtering flights can draw
	drawFlights(airports, flights);

	console.log({airports: airports});
	console.log({flights: flights});
	}

	// draws the underlying map
	function drawMap(map) {
	// remove non-continental states
	map.objects.states.geometries = map.objects.states.geometries.filter(isContinental);

	// run topojson on remaining states and adjust projection
	let land = topojson.merge(map, map.objects.states.geometries);

	// use null projection; data is already projected
	let path = d3.geoPath();

	// draw base map
	g.basemap.append("path")
	.datum(land)
	.attr("class", "land")
	.attr("d", path);

	// draw interior borders
	g.basemap.append("path")
	.datum(topojson.mesh(map, map.objects.states, (a, b) => a !== b))
	.attr("class", "border interior")
	.attr("d", path);

	// draw exterior borders
	g.basemap.append("path")
	.datum(topojson.mesh(map, map.objects.states, (a, b) => a === b))
	.attr("class", "border exterior")
	.attr("d", path);
	}

	function drawAirports(airports) {
	// adjust scale
	const extent = d3.extent(airports, d => d.outgoing);
	scales.airports.domain(extent);

	// draw airport bubbles
	g.airports.selectAll("circle.airport")
	.data(airports, d => d.iata)
	.enter()
	.append("circle")
	.attr("r", d => scales.airports(d.outgoing))
	.attr("cx", d => d.x) // calculated on load
	.attr("cy", d => d.y) // calculated on load
	.attr("class", "airport")
	.each(function(d) {
	// adds the circle object to our airport
	// makes it fast to select airports on hover
	d.bubble = this;
	});
	}

	function drawPolygons(airports) {
	// convert array of airports into geojson format
	const geojson = airports.map(function(airport) {
	return {
	type: "Feature",
	properties: airport,
	geometry: {
	type: "Point",
	coordinates: [airport.longitude, airport.latitude]
	}
	};
	});

	// calculate voronoi polygons
	const polygons = d3.geoVoronoi().polygons(geojson);
	console.log(polygons);

	g.voronoi.selectAll("path")
	.data(polygons.features)
	.enter()
	.append("path")
	.attr("d", d3.geoPath(projection))
	.attr("class", "voronoi")
	.on("mouseover", function(d) {
	let airport = d.properties.site.properties;

	d3.select(airport.bubble)
	.classed("highlight", true);

	d3.selectAll(airport.flights)
	.classed("highlight", true)
	.raise();

	// make tooltip take up space but keep it invisible
	tooltip.style("display", null);
	tooltip.style("visibility", "hidden");

	// set default tooltip positioning
	tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "middle");
	tooltip.attr("dy", -scales.airports(airport.outgoing) - 4);
	tooltip.attr("x", airport.x);
	tooltip.attr("y", airport.y);

	// set the tooltip text
	tooltip.text(airport.name + " in " + airport.city + ", " + airport.state);

	// double check if the anchor needs to be changed
	let bbox = tooltip.node().getBBox();

	if (bbox.x <= 0) {
	tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "start");
	}
	else if (bbox.x + bbox.width >= width) {
	tooltip.attr("text-anchor", "end");
	}

	tooltip.style("visibility", "visible");
	})
	.on("mouseout", function(d) {
	let airport = d.properties.site.properties;

	d3.select(airport.bubble)
	.classed("highlight", false);

	d3.selectAll(airport.flights)
	.classed("highlight", false);

	d3.select("text#tooltip").style("visibility", "hidden");
	})
	.on("dblclick", function(d) {
	// toggle voronoi outline
	let toggle = d3.select(this).classed("highlight");
	d3.select(this).classed("highlight", !toggle);
	});
	}

	function drawFlights(airports, flights) {
	// break each flight between airports into multiple segments
	let bundle = generateSegments(airports, flights);

	// https://github.com/d3/d3-shape#curveBundle
	let line = d3.line()
	.curve(d3.curveBundle)
	.x(airport => airport.x)
	.y(airport => airport.y);

	let links = g.flights.selectAll("path.flight")
	.data(bundle.paths)
	.enter()
	.append("path")
	.attr("d", line)
	.attr("class", "flight")
	.each(function(d) {
	// adds the path object to our source airport
	// makes it fast to select outgoing paths
	d[0].flights.push(this);
	});

	// https://github.com/d3/d3-force
	let layout = d3.forceSimulation()
	// settle at a layout faster
	.alphaDecay(0.1)
	// nearby nodes attract each other
	.force("charge", d3.forceManyBody()
	.strength(10)
	.distanceMax(scales.airports.range()[1] * 2)
	)
	// edges want to be as short as possible
	// prevents too much stretching
	.force("link", d3.forceLink()
	.strength(0.7)
	.distance(0)
	)
	.on("tick", function(d) {
	links.attr("d", line);
	})
	.on("end", function(d) {
	console.log("layout complete");
	});

	layout.nodes(bundle.nodes).force("link").links(bundle.links);
	}

	// Turns a single edge into several segments that can
	// be used for simple edge bundling.
	function generateSegments(nodes, links) {
	// generate separate graph for edge bundling
	// nodes: all nodes including control nodes
	// links: all individual segments (source to target)
	// paths: all segments combined into single path for drawing
	let bundle = {nodes: [], links: [], paths: []};

	// make existing nodes fixed
	bundle.nodes = nodes.map(function(d, i) {
	d.fx = d.x;
	d.fy = d.y;
	return d;
	});

	links.forEach(function(d, i) {
	// calculate the distance between the source and target
	let length = distance(d.source, d.target);

	// calculate total number of inner nodes for this link
	let total = Math.round(scales.segments(length));

	// create scales from source to target
	let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
	.domain([0, total + 1]) // source, inner nodes, target
	.range([d.source.x, d.target.x]);

	let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
	.domain([0, total + 1])
	.range([d.source.y, d.target.y]);

	// initialize source node
	let source = d.source;
	let target = null;

	// add all points to local path
	let local = [source];

	for (let j = 1; j <= total; j++) {
	// calculate target node
	target = {
	x: xscale(j),
	y: yscale(j)
	};

	local.push(target);
	bundle.nodes.push(target);

	bundle.links.push({
	source: source,
	target: target
	});

	source = target;
	}

	local.push(d.target);

	// add last link to target node
	bundle.links.push({
	source: target,
	target: d.target
	});

	bundle.paths.push(local);
	});

	return bundle;
	}

	// determines which states belong to the continental united states
	// https://gist.github.com/mbostock/4090846#file-us-state-names-tsv
	function isContinental(state) {
	const id = parseInt(state.id);
	return id < 60 && id !== 2 && id !== 15;
	}

	// see airports.csv
	// convert gps coordinates to number and init degree
	function typeAirport(airport) {
	airport.longitude = parseFloat(airport.longitude);
	airport.latitude = parseFloat(airport.latitude);

	// use projection hard-coded to match topojson data
	const coords = projection([airport.longitude, airport.latitude]);
	airport.x = coords[0];
	airport.y = coords[1];

	airport.outgoing = 0; // eventually tracks number of outgoing flights
	airport.incoming = 0; // eventually tracks number of incoming flights

	airport.flights = []; // eventually tracks outgoing flights

	return airport;
	}

	// see flights.csv
	// convert count to number
	function typeFlight(flight) {
	flight.count = parseInt(flight.count);
	return flight;
	}

	// calculates the distance between two nodes
	// sqrt( (x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2 )
	function distance(source, target) {
	const dx2 = Math.pow(target.x - source.x, 2);
	const dy2 = Math.pow(target.y - source.y, 2);

	return Math.sqrt(dx2 + dy2);
	}
	body {
	background-color: white;
	text-align: center;
	font-family: sans-serif;
	}

	.land {
	fill: #dddddd;
	}

	.border {
	fill: none;
	stroke-width: 1px;
	}

	.interior {
	stroke: white;
	}

	.exterior {
	stroke: #bbbbbb;
	}

	.airport {
	fill: white;
	opacity: 0.6;
	stroke: #252525;
	}

	.flight {
	fill: none;
	stroke: #252525;
	stroke-width: 1px;
	stroke-opacity: 0.1;
	}

	.voronoi {
	fill: none;
	stroke: none;
	stroke-width: 1px;
	}

	.highlight {
	opacity: 1 !important;
	stroke: red !important;
	stroke-width: 2px !important;
	stroke-opacity: 0.8 !important;
	}

	g#voronoi {
	pointer-events: all;
	}

	/* shadow trick from bl.ocks.org */
	#tooltip {
	font-size: 10pt;
	font-weight: 900;
	fill: white;
	text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 #252525, 1px -1px 0 #252525, -1px 1px 0 #252525, -1px -1px 0 #252525;
	}
	const urls = {
	map: "states-albers-10m.json",
	airports: "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/airports.csv",
	flights: "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mbostock/7608400/raw/e5974d9bba45bc9ab272d98dd7427567aafd55bc/flights.csv"
	};

	const svg = d3.select("svg");

	const width = parseInt(svg.attr("width"));
	const height = parseInt(svg.attr("height"));
	const hypotenuse = Math.sqrt(width * width + height * height);

	const projection = d3.geoAlbers().scale(1280).translate([480, 300]);

	const scales = {
	airports: d3.scaleSqrt().range([4, 18]),
	segments: d3.scaleLinear().domain([0, hypotenuse]).range([1, 10])
	};

	const g = {
	basemap: svg.select("g#basemap"),
	flights: svg.select("g#flights"),
	airports: svg.select("g#airports"),
	voronoi: svg.select("g#voronoi")
	};

	console.assert(g.basemap.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.flights.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.airports.size() === 1);
	console.assert(g.voronoi.size() === 1);

	const tooltip = d3.select("text#tooltip");
	console.assert(tooltip.size() === 1);

	// TODO

	function processData(values) {
	console.assert(values.length === 2);

	let airports = values[0];
	let flights = values[1];

	console.log("airports: " + airports.length);
	console.log(" flights: " + flights.length);

	// TODO

	console.log({airports: airports});
	console.log({flights: flights});
	}

	function drawMap(map) {
	map.objects.states.geometries = map.objects.states.geometries.filter(isContinental);

	let land = topojson.merge(map, map.objects.states.geometries);
	let path = d3.geoPath();

	g.basemap.append("path")
	.datum(land)
	.attr("class", "land")
	.attr("d", path);

	// TODO
	}

	function drawAirports(airports) {
	const extent = d3.extent(airports, d => d.outgoing);
	scales.airports.domain(extent);

	g.airports.selectAll("circle.airport")
	.data(airports, d => d.iata)
	.enter()
	.append("circle")
	.attr("r", d => scales.airports(d.outgoing))
	.attr("cx", d => d.x)
	.attr("cy", d => d.y)
	.attr("class", "airport")
	.each(function(d) {
	// TODO
	});
	}

	function drawPolygons(airports) {
	const geojson = airports.map(function(airport) {
	return {
	type: "Feature",
	properties: airport,
	geometry: {
	type: "Point",
	coordinates: [airport.longitude, airport.latitude]
	}
	};
	});

	// TODO
	}

	function drawFlights(airports, flights) {
	let bundle = generateSegments(airports, flights);

	let line = d3.line()
	.curve(d3.curveBundle)
	.x(airport => airport.x)
	.y(airport => airport.y);

	let links = g.flights.selectAll("path.flight")
	.data(bundle.paths)
	.enter()
	.append("path")
	.attr("d", line)
	.attr("class", "flight")
	.each(function(d) {
	// TODO Fill in
	});

	// TODO Fill in
	}

	function generateSegments(nodes, links) {
	let bundle = {nodes: [], links: [], paths: []};

	bundle.nodes = nodes.map(function(d, i) {
	d.fx = d.x;
	d.fy = d.y;
	return d;
	});

	links.forEach(function(d, i) {
	let length = distance(d.source, d.target);
	let total = Math.round(scales.segments(length));

	let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
	.domain([0, total + 1])
	.range([d.source.x, d.target.x]);

	let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
	.domain([0, total + 1])
	.range([d.source.y, d.target.y]);

	let source = d.source;
	let target = null;
	let local = [source];

	for (let j = 1; j <= total; j++) {
	target = {x: xscale(j), y: yscale(j)};
	local.push(target);
	bundle.nodes.push(target);
	bundle.links.push({source: source, target: target});
	source = target;
	}

	local.push(d.target);
	bundle.links.push({source: target, target: d.target});
	bundle.paths.push(local);
	});

	return bundle;
	}

	function isContinental(state) {
	const id = parseInt(state.id);
	return id < 60 && id !== 2 && id !== 15;
	}

	function typeAirport(airport) {
	airport.longitude = parseFloat(airport.longitude);
	airport.latitude = parseFloat(airport.latitude);

	const coords = projection([airport.longitude, airport.latitude]);
	airport.x = coords[0];
	airport.y = coords[1];

	airport.outgoing = 0;
	airport.incoming = 0;
	airport.flights = [];

	return airport;
	}

	function typeFlight(flight) {
	flight.count = parseInt(flight.count);
	return flight;
	}

	function distance(source, target) {
	const dx2 = Math.pow(target.x - source.x, 2);
	const dy2 = Math.pow(target.y - source.y, 2);
	return Math.sqrt(dx2 + dy2);
	}