Assuming we run a squid container configured.
FROM centos:7
RUN sed -i '/^mirrorlist/d; s/^#baseurl=/baseurl=/' /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo
...
PROXY=$(docker network inspect bridge | jq -r '.[].IPAM.Config[].Gateway')
docker build -t test . --build-arg http_proxy=http://${PROXY}:3128/ \
--build-arg https_proxy=http://${PROXY}:3128/